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    Electrical Parameter Identification of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Recursive Least Squares Method with Variable Forgetting Factor
    BEI Chengrong, LU Wenqi, LU Yujun, DONG Xiaoyan, FANG Diyong, YUE Bolun, YOU Lei
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (9): 9-19.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.09.002
    Abstract538)   HTML8)    PDF(pc) (2652KB)(93)       Save

    In view of the traditional RLS(Recursive Least Square) identification algorithm to online identify the electrical parameters of PMSM(Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor), it is susceptible to the influence of “data saturation” and noise, and has the problems of low identification accuracy and poor anti-interference. A recursive least squares identification algorithm based on variable forgetting factor is adopted in this study, and the mechanism and method of resistor, flux and inductance identification based on recursive least squares algorithm are derived and established according to the voltage equations of the d and q axes. Based on the traditional algorithm, the “variable forgetting factor” which changes with the system working condition is introduced to eliminate the influence of data saturation and noise, and improve the identification accuracy of electrical parameters and the ability to resist load disturbance.In order to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method, simulation and experimental tests are carried out. The results show that the precision of resistance identification is 1.67%, flux identification is 1.13% and inductance identification is 0.61%. Compared with the traditional recursive least squares identification algorithm, the identification accuracy of each electrical parameter is higher, and the anti-interference is stronger.

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    Layered Network Architecture Based Information Interaction and Collaborative Networking System in UAV Cluster
    LU Cunbo, CHEN Yuanyuan, ZHANG Di
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (7): 24-33.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.07.004
    Abstract517)   HTML23)    PDF(pc) (1240KB)(1471)       Save

    In view of the problems of intelligent networking protocol and efficient communication technology in UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles)cluster network communication, a feasible information interaction and collaborative networking method based on hierarchical network architecture is adopted in this study. The overall design scheme of the system is described in detail from the aspects of network coding layer, network layer, link layer, physical layer and wireless communication hardware design, and a network coding communication method based on hierarchical network architecture is proposed. A cluster network with relatively stable performance in the face of cluster node movement is obtained by means of the ground station participating in the initial clustering and the air node self-organizing maintenance. An enhanced TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) protocol based on network coding is designed, which can realize the high throughput and fast transmission of information in the UAV network data link. The simulation results show that the performance of network coding TCP method is better than that of traditional TCP, and it is suitable for the UAV cluster communication environment with large bit error rate. The advantage of network coding can realize the efficient and fast data transmission between nodes and between nodes and ground stations.

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    Design of Wide Scanning-angle Low-cost Ku-band Phased-Array Antenna
    WANG Yingdong
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (10): 106-112.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.10.013
    Abstract498)   HTML7)    PDF(pc) (4015KB)(102)       Save

    A low-cost Ku-band phased array antenna is proposed for low Earth orbit satellite communication systems. The antenna is composed of four layers: the top layer is a low-cost plastic film printed with parasitic patches, the second layer is a hollow low-permittivity support substrate, the third layer is a dielectric substrate printed with the main radiating patches, and the bottom layer is a multilayer laminated PCB (Printed Circuit Board) in which feeding striplines and H-shaped coupling slots are integrated. Bandwidth enhancement is achieved through the incorporation of parasitic patches, while polarization reconfigurability is enabled by a dual-feed configuration. Based on these elements and mirror arrangement technique, an 8 × 8 phased array is constructed, covering the frequency range of 13.7~14.5 GHz. Full-wave simulations demonstrate that, under circular polarization, the array maintains a scanning gain higher than 18.48 dBic across the entire band. Compared with the broadside direction, the maximum gain reduction at 60° beam scanning is 3.2 dB.

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    Power Decoupling Control of Single-Phase Grid-Tied Inverter Based on SOGI-FLL/PLL
    XIE Binxuan, JIN Hai
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (12): 10-15.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.12.002
    Abstract440)   HTML20)    PDF(pc) (1757KB)(109)       Save

    In view of the problem that the fluctuation of the grid frequency has an impact on the power control when a single-phase inverter is connected to the grid, this study proposes a control strategy that combines a FLL(Frequency-Locked Loop) based on a SOGI(Second-Order Generalized Integrator) and a PLL(Phase-Locked Loop). A d-q coordinate system is established for the grid voltage, and the grid voltage in the stationary coordinate system is transformed into the rotating coordinate system. Based on the d-q coordinate system, the dq decoupling PI(Proportional-Integral) control of the current is carried out to achieve adaptive grid phase locking and the power decoupling control of the inverter. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed control strategy can effectively filter out high-order harmonics, lock the grid phase quickly and accurately, has a certain anti-interference ability against the frequency fluctuations of the grid, and can precisely control the active power and reactive power.

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    Underwater Image Enhancement Combining Parallel Transformer and Residual U-Net Networks
    CHEN Qingjiang, LI Zongying
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (8): 57-65.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.08.008
    Abstract432)   HTML18)    PDF(pc) (4084KB)(478)       Save

    In view of the problems of color distortion, low contrast and blurred details in underwater images, an U-Net network based on parallel Transformer and residual convolution is designed for underwater image enhancement. In the new U-Net structure, the HCTB(Hybrid Convolution Transformer Block) is placed in the encoding and decoding parts, which integrates the ability of the Transformer to capture global information and the ability of the convolutional block to capture local information, and builds a number of PAM(Parallel Attention Module) in the hopping connection part to extract more important pixel and channel information. The existing UIEB(Underwater Image Enhancement Benchmark dataset) paired dataset is used to train the network. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, underwater images with different color degree are selected for experiments and tests. The experimental results show that the PSNR(Peak Single-to-Ratio) value of the proposed model is increased by 4.3% compared with other advanced models, and the subjective and objective evaluation results are obtained, which effectively improves the enhancement level of underwater images.

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    Resonance Suppression of Permanent Magnet Servo System Based on Parameter Identification and Self-Tuning Notch Filter
    DAI Hao, LU Wenqi, LU Yujun, FANG Diyong, DONG Xiaoyan
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (9): 58-70.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.09.008
    Abstract411)   HTML7)    PDF(pc) (3108KB)(55)       Save

    In view of the problems of setting multiple traps or manually setting notch parameters, an adaptive notch filter based on permanent magnet servo system online resonance suppression method is proposed in this study. This study analyzes the double inertia elastic load system, deduces and gives the relationship between the key parameters of the motor inertia and the mechanical resonance frequency. A tunable notch width and depth filter based on bilinear transformation is designed, the resonant frequency of the system is identified by a normalized estimation algorithm, and the width and depth coefficients of the notch filter are self-tuned.The results show that the resonant frequency identification accuracy is 1.87% when the proposed method is used to test the resonance suppression performance. The steady state error of motor speed is reduced from 6.0% to 2.8% before and after the introduction of adaptive resonance suppression notch. When there are two resonance points, the parameters of the trap are updated in time within 1.28 s, and the identification accuracy of the second resonance frequency is 2.10%. The steady-state error of motor speed is reduced from 1.6% to 0.7% before and after the introduction of adaptive resonance suppression notch, which proves the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm.

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    A Fast Fabric Defect Detection Algorithm Based on Gray Gradient Co-Occurrence Matrix
    YE Ruifan, LIU Yu, SHEN Jie, REN Jia, ZHANG Xiaoxiang
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (7): 58-65.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.07.008
    Abstract382)   HTML10)    PDF(pc) (2087KB)(62)       Save

    In view of the problems of complex model and slow detection in fabric quality control, a fast fabric defect detection algorithm based on GGCM (Gray-Gradient Co-Occurrence Matrix) is proposed. Based on the traditional GLCM (Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix), this algorithm adds feature extraction of image gradient information, and combines with SVM (Support Vector Machine) to detect and classify fabric images quickly and accurately. The eigenvalues extracted from GLCM and GGCM are analyzed and compared, and the fabric defects are detected by SVM classifier. Through the training classification experiment based on the fabric image data set collected from the field of a textile enterprise, the results show that the detection effect is significantly improved after adding gradient information, the accuracy rate is 94.8%, and the accuracy rate is 93.9%. The algorithm is fast for detection, after extracting features, each image detection only takes 0.5 ms, which is suitable for industrial production sites.

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    A Low-Temperature Drift High-Precision Bandgap Voltage Reference Chip
    SHAO Zechuan, WANG Tingting, HUA Pan, LIU Jiajun
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (10): 34-41.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.10.005
    Abstract368)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (3629KB)(68)       Save

    A stable input voltage that does not change with the external environment plays an important role in the proper operation of portable and handheld test equipment, the voltage reference chip used in such equipment must have the characteristics of low temperature drift, high power supply rejection ratio, strong load carrying capacity and wide applicability. In order to meet the above requirements, a high-order compensated bandgap reference chip is designed based on the traditional Kuijk bandgap reference circuit. The band-gap reference voltage source uses the operational amplifier with backgate input and the resistance with different temperature characteristics to compensate the temperature drift. The output buffer stage is added to the traditional structure, and the output voltage can be adjusted while the load capacity is improved.A variety of output voltages ranging from 1.25 to 4.00 V can be covered by local revision of the layout or fusing. The simulation results show that the maximum output voltage of the band-gap reference voltage source is 1.08 mV and the temperature coefficient is 2.4 ppm·℃-1 in the temperature range of -55 ~ 125 ℃. At 10 Hz, the power supply rejection ratio is -87 dB, the linear adjustment rate is 0.014 4%, and the load capacity is 42 mA. The circuit adopts 0.18 μm BCD(Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS) technology to realize the flow sheet, which has been applied to the actual equipment.

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    Deep Learning-Based Image Matching of Infrared and Visible Image
    XIONG Ziheng, ZHANG Xuanxiong
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (9): 1-8.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.09.001
    Abstract367)   HTML17)    PDF(pc) (1731KB)(104)       Save

    The image similarity detection algorithm based on CNN(Convolutional Neural Network) has poor ability to express image features and is only suitable for a single specific task, which is prone to overfitting risk. In this study, a method of DLIVM(Deep Learning-based Image Matching of Infrared and Visible Image) is proposed. This method uses BCN(Batch Channel Normalization), attention mechanism, metric learning and Frobenius norm to improve image matching performance and generalization ability. The ResNet-50(Residual Neural Network-50)network, which modified the BN(Batch Normalization) layer to BCN, is used as the backbone network to extract image features, and the attention mechanism is added inside the residual unit. The objective function is constructed by combining binary cross entropy loss and metric learning to improve the distinguishing ability of feature representation. The model parameters are regularized using the Frobenius norm to prevent overfitting. The results show that on three widely used infrared and visible data sets, the accuracy of DLIVM method is improved by 3.30%, 0.86%, 2.00%, 7.50%, 1.50% and 0.69%, respectively,when compared with the comparison method.

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    Research Progress of Relation Extraction Based on Deep Learning
    SHEN Yining, WANG Yiran, WU Cong
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (7): 40-49.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.07.006
    Abstract322)   HTML15)    PDF(pc) (1284KB)(92)       Save

    In natural language processing, as the core task, the research direction of entity relation extraction task has gradually shifted from rule-based learning and traditional machine learning to deep learning. At present, deep learning relationship extraction models widely use convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks and graph neural networks. This study summarizes the excellent relationship extraction models in each neural network, shows the evolution direction of each model by tracing the development history and trend of the model, and makes a comparative analysis of each method and model. Due to the continuous improvement of attention mechanism and other methods, the semantic analysis ability of relational extraction model has been significantly enhanced. In this study, the relevant improvement methods are reviewed, and the characteristics and experimental results of each method are described. This study introduces the common data sets in the field of relational extraction, and summarizes and compares the models with the best performance on each data set. The challenges in relation extraction are summarized and the solutions are proposed.

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    Integration of Improved A* and DWA Algorithms for Robot Path Planning
    XIE Dehan, GAO Jinfeng, JIA Guoqiang, LI Lebao, SU Wen, MEI Congli
    Electronic Science and Technology    2026, 39 (1): 64-72.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2026.01.009
    Abstract316)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (1424KB)(70)       Save

    In view of the problems of redundant expansion of nodes in the traditional A* algorithm, the path being close to obstacles, as well as the trajectory oscillation and easy falling into local minima in the traditional DWA(Dynamic Window Approaches) algorithm, this study proposes a robot path planning method that integrates and improves the A* and DWA algorithms. The cost function of the traditional A* algorithm is improved to remove redundant expanded nodes. The selection strategy of child nodes is improved to avoid the path being close to obstacles, and unnecessary turning points are removed through bidirectional smoothness optimization. An adaptive distance factor is introduced into the evaluation function of the DWA algorithm to reduce the oscillation of the trajectory, and the discrete nodes of the prior path of the A* algorithm are taken as the local target points of the DWA algorithm for algorithm integration. The simulation experiments show that the number of expanded nodes of the improved A* algorithm is reduced by 118, the planning time is reduced by 29.9%, and the planning speed of the improved DWA algorithm is increased by 5.3%. The proposed integrated algorithm can ensure the global optimality of the path, avoid falling into local minima, and achieve real-time obstacle avoidance for unknown obstacles.

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    Robust Optimal Scheduling of Source-Load-Storage Cooperative Distribution in Power System with Wind Power
    ZHANG Zijian, HE Yu, ZHANG Jing, GUO Yuanping, WANG Zhiyang, HU Xiangxie
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (8): 1-10.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.08.001
    Abstract295)   HTML15)    PDF(pc) (2617KB)(109)       Save

    In view of the problem of the influence of large user direct purchasing process on the flexibility of power system with the continuous advancement of power market reform, a distributed robust optimal scheduling model of power system considering wind power uncertainty and direct power purchase of large users is proposed in this study. In order to reduce the impact of wind power uncertainty on power system, considering the time series and interval of wind power prediction error, a first-order Markov chain model with interval characteristics is proposed to construct a data-driven day-ahead two-stage distribution robust optimization model. In the first stage of the model, the maximum total revenue of the wind farm station is taken as the objective function, and the first stage robust scheduling scheme is formulated. In the day-ahead second stage, the uncertainty of wind power output can be flexibly dealt with by adjusting the output of controllable units in the region. The results verify the effectiveness of the distributionally robust optimization algorithm, and prove that large users direct purchasing power dispatching can effectively improve the economy and peak load capacity of the system.

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    Dual-Band U-Slot Patch Antenna Optimization Using Neural Network Model
    ZHANG Bin, DING Haibing, WANG Jing, XUE Qianzhong
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (7): 34-39.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.07.005
    Abstract294)   HTML8)    PDF(pc) (1853KB)(128)       Save

    In order to improve the efficiency of antenna design, a double-frequency U-slot patch antenna based on PSO-BPNN (Particle Swarm Optimization-Back Propagation Neural Network) model is designed using machine learning to assist antenna optimization design. The operating frequency covers IEEE802.11y (3.65 GHz) and IEEE802.11a (5.20 GHz), and is compared with the antenna designed based on PSO algorithm. According to the simulation model, the antenna is fabricated and tested. The results show that at the resonant frequency of 5.20 GHz, the antenna return loss designed by PSO-BPNN model and PSO model algorithm is close. At the resonant frequency of 3.65 GHz, the return loss of the antenna designed based on the PSO-BPNN model is -22.65 dB and the impedance bandwidth is 0.205 GHz, which is 47.85% and 11.41% higher than that designed by the PSO algorithm, respectively. Test results reveal that the radiation characteristics of the antenna designed based on the PSO-BPNN model algorithm are in good agreement with the measured results.

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    Research on Distributed EtherCAT to CAN High Speed Control Module
    HONG Yuqi, LI Qingdu, MOU Haiming, LIU Changyi
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (8): 49-56.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.08.007
    Abstract293)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (2800KB)(153)       Save

    In view of the problems of high resource utilization, slow control frequency and small number of simultaneous control motors of the traditional conversion module system in the field of humanoid robots, a design scheme based on the conversion of EtherCAT(Ethernet Control Automation Technology) protocol to CAN(Controller Area Network) bus protocol is proposed in this study. The EtherCAT industrial real-time Ethernet is used as the field network, and the ARM(Advanced RISC Machines) processor combined with the AX58100 chip is constructed as the EtherCAT slave hardware platform. In view of the control tasks of real-time cycle in the module, the master station based on SOEM (Simple Open EtherCAT Master) is designed. The impact of different master platforms on the communication delay of the conversion module is analyzed and studied. The master sends data messages to AX58100, which are transmitted to STM32F405 via AX58100, and the device control is realized by internal logic judgment and conversion output. The experimental results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the EtherCAT to CAN module, the transmission rate can reach 3 328 000 bit·s-1, the real-time jitter time reaches the microsecond level, the system resource utilization reduced to about 9.6%, and the number of connected devices is no different from that of the single protocol, which meets the actual demand of the existing project.

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    Short-Term Photovoltaic Power Generation Forecasting Based on Similar Weather Fluctuation Patterns
    WANG Lin, WANG Linxian, LI Weishuo, WANG Tao, LUO Zhiheng, ZHU Jiajun
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (8): 79-86.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.08.011
    Abstract289)   HTML2)    PDF(pc) (2700KB)(70)       Save

    In view of the problem that photovoltaic power output is greatly affected by weather fluctuations and the distribution of weather input features is scattered resulting in low prediction accuracy, this study proposes a short-term photovoltaic power prediction model considering similar weather fluctuation fractals. Strongly correlated weather factors are screened as input data through correlation analysis. Multi-dimensional weather features are aggregated into one-dimensional comprehensive weather data using principal component analysis, and the fluctuation features of the comprehensive weather data are used to represent the fluctuation features of most of the weather data. To make the fluctuation characteristics after clustering more concentrated, five statistical indicators of the comprehensive weather data were used as the clustering features of the K-means clustering algorithm to typify the weather data. A BiGRU(Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit)-Attention prediction model based on two-channel CNN(Convolutional Neural Networks) is used to predict the photovoltaic power generation data under three weather types. Compared with the traditional algorithm, the accuracy of the proposed prediction method is higher, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method and model.

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    Research on BP Neural Network PID Control Algorithm of Refrigeration System Based on Smith Predictor
    YANG Yuanxing, DING Xudong, WANG Junchao, WU Dong
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (8): 42-48.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.08.006
    Abstract287)   HTML8)    PDF(pc) (1074KB)(58)       Save

    In view of the problems of large time delay, high coupling, nonlinearity and external interference in the actual operation of compression refrigeration system, a BP(Back Propagation) neural network PID(Proponential Integration Differentiation) control algorithm based on Smith predictor is proposed in this study. Smith predictor compensator is used to predict and compensate the actual output of the system, and its predictive compensation mechanism is used to eliminate the delay link of the system and alleviate the influence of time delay on the system. The self-learning ability of BP neural network is used to decouple the compressed refrigeration system into two independent loop systems, and PID parameters are adjusted to cope with the changes of the system and external interference. MATLAB simulation results show that the proposed control strategy has obvious advantages in improving the dynamic performance and anti-interference performance of refrigeration system. The adjustment time of superheat and evaporation temperature is reduced by 123 s and 204 s, and the overshoot is reduced by 5.27% and 10.22%. And it has good robustness under the condition of changing parameters, and also reduces the overshoot of control, which provides an effective control scheme for the stable operation of compression refrigeration system.

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    Virtual Baseline Direction Finding Technology Based on 5G SSB Signal External Radiation Source Radar
    SONG Yu, TU Gangyi, ZHAO Di, SUN Zhuwei, CHEN Yan
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (7): 97-104.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.07.013
    Abstract285)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (2257KB)(125)       Save

    In view of the phase ambiguity problem that occurs between the phases of 5G SSB(Synchronization Signal Block) during the target detection process of 5G external radiation source radar, this study proposes a virtual baseline direction finding technology for external radiation source radar based on 5G SSB signals. The correlation of the signal structure in the 5G communication signal SSB is utilized to confirm the SSB index, and the phase angle information is extracted at the corresponding SSB index positions. A phase unwrapping algorithm is adopted to reduce the phase ambiguity, and the target angle is obtained through the virtual baseline direction finding algorithm. A 5G toolkit is used to generate simulated signals for simulation analysis. The results show that the proposed method has a better direction finding effect compared with the traditional direction finding method. When the SNR(Signal-to-Noise Ratio) is -15 dB, the ambiguity resolution probability of the proposed method is 88.48%, and the RMSE(Root Mean Square Error) is 1.15°. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method can measure the target angle more accurately and has a better measurement accuracy than the traditional direction finding method.

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    An RGB-D SLAM Algorithm Integrating Point,Line and Surface Features
    MO Songnan, JIN Hai
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (8): 66-72.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.08.009
    Abstract282)   HTML3)    PDF(pc) (2598KB)(83)       Save

    To solve the challenges faced by visual SLAM(Simultaneous Localization And Mapping) systems in low-texture environments, this study proposes an RGB-D SLAM algorithm based on point, line and plane features to enhance localization accuracy. The proposed algorithm is built upon the ORB-SLAM2(Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF-Simultaneous Localization and Mapping 2) framework and introduces the Manhattan world assumption to decouple camera pose into rotation and translation matrices, effectively mitigating the issue of error accumulation. In the aspect of feature extraction, ORB feature points and LSD(Line Segment Detector) algorithm are used to extract line features, and hierarchical clustering algorithm is used to extract plane features, making full use of the geometric information of spatial structure. The experimental results show that compared with the ORB-SLAM2 algorithm, the proposed algorithm performs better in multiple low-texture scenes in TUM and ICL-NUIM datasets. By comparing the root-mean-square error of the absolute trajectory error, the proposed algorithm significantly improves the positioning accuracy in low-texture environments, and has significant advantages in scenes with fewer feature points.

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    Cross-Fusion Encoder-Based Transformer Feature Extraction Network
    GONG Yu, WU Peng
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (9): 20-25.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.09.003
    Abstract282)   HTML16)    PDF(pc) (1430KB)(61)       Save

    In view of the problems that window-based vision Transformer is easy to destroy fine-grained features and large number of model parameters, this study proposes a cross-fusion encoder based Transformer image feature extraction network. Two feature subsets are obtained using image channel feature correlation consistency stripping feature maps. Two attention modules are connected in parallel perform attention calculations respectively to obtain local and global information. A crossover mechanism is adopted to fuse information. Combined with the inter-window attention module of CAT Transformer, an in-window attention mode between channel dimensions of feature graph is designed to avoid destroying texture information and enhance the representation ability of local features. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves 79.86% TOP-1 accuracy with 7.8 MB parameter on CIFAR-100 data set and 80.7% accuracy on ImageNet-1K data set. Grad-CAM(Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping)is also used to visualize the decision-making process.

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    Aluminum Surface Defect Detection Based on Improved Faster R-CNN
    WEI Qingqing, LU Yujun
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (9): 85-92.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.09.011
    Abstract281)   HTML8)    PDF(pc) (1810KB)(30)       Save

    In view of the problems of low detection accuracy and high incidence of false detection, an algorithm based on improved Faster R-CNN is proposed to detect surface defects of aluminum profiles. Swim Transformer is introduced into the backbone feature extraction network to obtain multi-scale features, and the FPN(Feature Pyramid Network) and PAN(Path Aggregation Network) are combined to strengthen feature fusion, so as to improve the detection capability of small targets. The RoI Pooling layer is replaced with the RoI(Regin of Interest) Align layer to eliminate the positioning error of candidate frame and improve the precision of candidate frame. When screening candidate boxes, multiple IoU(Intersection over Union) thresholds are used to suppress non-maximum values for evaluation indicators to improve the sample quality of candidate boxes. The experimental results show that the average detection accuracy of the proposed algorithm is 86.7%, and the average accuracy of the proposed algorithm is improved by 24.3% and 20.7%, respectively, on small targets such as scratches and dirty spots. Compared with the Faster R-CNN algorithm, the average detection accuracy of the proposed algorithm is improved by 12.4 percent points, and the detection effect of small targets is significantly improved, which can meet the needs of industrial production.

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    Smooth Exploration-Based Control Method for Inverted Pendulum Virtual-Reality Migration Learning
    HUANGFU Jiaqi, XUE Jie, MOU Haiming, LI Qingdu
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (8): 11-18.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.08.002
    Abstract280)   HTML9)    PDF(pc) (3222KB)(134)       Save

    The nonlinear and underactuated nature of the inverted pendulum makes it a benchmark test case for RL(Reinforcement Learning) algorithms. When the simulation-learned RL strategy is deployed to the physical platform, the control signal has mutations and oscillations, which leads to the failure of the strategy deployment, and the problems of high power consumption, excessive system wear and hardware damage. To solve this problem, a regularization term for smoothing exploration of RL strategy is proposed in this study. In order to solve the policy mutation problem in the physical deployment stage, the mutation regularization term is designed to constrain the policy mutation in the exploration stage. Oscillation regularization term is designed to solve the small-range oscillation problem of the strategy, and the value functions of similar states are constrained. The smooth exploration regularization term is applied to the PPO(Proximal Policy Optimization) algorithm to carry out the virtual real transfer experiment of inverted pendulum. The experimental results show that the training speed of PPO algorithm for smooth exploration is increased by 40% in simulation, and the virtual-real transfer is successfully realized, which has strong smoothness and robustness.

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    Research on Stable Walking Planning of Biped Robot Based on Angular Momentum
    XU Wenqiong, YANG Fangyan, LI Qingdu
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (8): 87-93.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.08.012
    Abstract274)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (1666KB)(67)       Save

    In view of the problem of stable walking of biped robot, the telescopic leg lateral split structure is designed to reduce the number of motors and the mass of the body. The LIP(Linear Inverted Pendulum) control model based on angular momentum prediction is introduced to improve the robot stability and dynamic response ability, and the modeling accuracy is improved by considering the moment of inertia of the center of mass. Compared with the traditional centroid linear velocity control model, the proposed model performs better in stability and dynamic response ability. The simulation results show that the angular momentum prediction model considering the moment of inertia can make the robot cope with the ground disturbance stably. It not only significantly improves the stability and dynamic response ability of the biped robot, but also does not need to increase the number of motors and body quality. The proposed model not only provides a new idea for gait optimization of biped robots, but also provides a new way for gait control of biped robots with telescopic legs.

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    Design and Implementation of an Offshore Wind Power Data Visualization Platform
    HUANG Xin, WANG Yinfeng, FU Yihui, YE Ruifan, LIU Yu
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (9): 33-40.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.09.005
    Abstract271)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (2578KB)(23)       Save

    In view of the problem of difficult management of offshore wind farms, this study takes an offshore wind farm in Zhejiang as an example to design and implement an offshore wind power data visualization platform. The front-end of the platform is based on framework technologies such as Vue and Echarts, while the back-end is based on technologies such as Springboot. The platform utilizes multiple data charts such as maps, pie charts, and line charts from the Echarts framework to visualize wind power data, while using the UMG (Unreal Motion Graphics) system from UE4 (Unreal Engine4) to achieve interactive display of 3D models of offshore wind farms. The experimental results shows that the platform runs smoothly on the PC side, while low frame count on the browser side affects usage. By using this platform, users can quickly understand real-time production information of offshore wind farms, improve the ability to remotely manage wind farms through data visualization, and eliminate safety hazards.

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    A Compact Microwave Rectifier Circuit with Novel Harmonic Control Structure
    JING Yali, MO Yueping, CHEN Hongxu
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (8): 73-78.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.08.010
    Abstract262)   HTML8)    PDF(pc) (1665KB)(102)       Save

    In order to improve the conversion efficiency of the rectifier circuit in microwave wireless power transmission system, a compact high-efficiency rectifier circuit based on the novel harmonic control structure is proposed in this study. The conventional filter is simplified and improved in the proposed rectifier circuit, which can reflect the fundamental and third harmonics back to the rectifier circuit,and prevent the second harmonic from entering the load to realize the filtering function. At the same time, it can reduce the overlap of voltage and current waveforms across the Schottky diode to reduce the losses further. On the other hand, the inductive diode compensation branch is introduced to compensate the diode capacitive impedance at fundamental frequency and turns to an open circuit to block the third harmonic for power recycling. The proposed rectifier circuit is simulated and the results show that the circuit is superior.

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    Weld Defect Detection Algorithm Based on Improved YOLOv7
    QI Haodong, CHENG Xiaoying, LI Haisheng, CHEN Xiao, XU Xinjiong
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (9): 79-84.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.09.010
    Abstract259)   HTML8)    PDF(pc) (1320KB)(43)       Save

    In view of the problems of low detection accuracy and slow detection speed caused by small target size, diverse features and complex background of pressure vessel welding defects, a weld defect detection algorithm based on improved YOLOv7(You Only Look Once version 7) is proposed. The GAM(Global Attention Mechanism) module is added to the Neck part of the network to prevent the loss of feature information for smaller sizes and weak defects, and to enhance feature extraction, which effectively improved the accuracy of detection. The ELAN(Efficient Layer Aggregation Network) module in the network is replaced by CNeB(ConvNeXt Block) module, which simplifies the whole model, reduces the time spent in the training and reasoning process of the model,improves the detection accuracy and speed,and significantly improves the speed of detection while improving detection accuracy. In order to enhance the robustness of the improved YOLOv7 model,GAM module and CNeB module are integrated. The experimental results show that the speed of the proposed method is 48.1 frame·s-1,the mAP(mean Average Precision) of the improved algorithm reaches 94.2%,which is 2.9 percentage points higher than that of the original algorithm.These results indicate that the improved algorithm can realize the detection of weld defects.

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    Research on Combined PKI and IBC Authentication Scheme Based on Blockchain
    WANG Yanchun, XIE Shigang, YUAN Qi
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (8): 19-26.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.08.003
    Abstract256)   HTML2)    PDF(pc) (1403KB)(58)       Save

    This study proposes a combination of PKI(Public Key Infrastructure) and IBC(Identity-Based Cryptography) authentication scheme based on blockchain. The decentralized and tamper-proof features of blockchain solve the single point of failure problem and the difficulty of multi-CA(Certificate Authority) mutual trust problem existing in traditional PKI technology, thus simplifying the certificate management and system overhead of CA. The experimental results show that the PKI technology in the proposed scheme not only solves the trust relationship between security domains, but also solves the problem that IBC cannot be used in the environment. IBC technology replaces the traditional digital certificate, effectively reduces the communication cost, and improves the authentication speed. While effectively improving the efficiency of identity authentication, it solves the single point of failure problem between traditional identity authentication and blockchain, and has better security.

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    Research on Image Classification Algorithm Combining Transformer with CNN
    ZHU Linglong, WANG Yagang, CHEN Yi
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (10): 96-105.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.10.012
    Abstract255)   HTML15)    PDF(pc) (1821KB)(72)       Save

    In traditional image classification networks, the convolutional operation of CNN(Convolutional Neural Network) requires a lot of multiplication and accumulation operations, and the calculation cost is high. The flexible self-attention mechanism of the Transformer model requires large-scale data to reduce the risk of overfitting, but has a large number of parameters and computational complexity. To solve these problems, a multi-stage image classification model HTCNet (Hybrid Transformer-Convolution Network)is proposed. In the shallow stage of the model, partial convolution is used, and some channels are convolved with feature graph redundancy to reduce the FLOPs(Floating Point Operations). In the deep stage, convolution operation is added to the self-attention mechanism to build an efficient self-attention mechanism, which can effectively alleviate the overfitting risk and data dependence of the model. CPE(Convolutional Position Coding) with more position information can be obtained by adaptive input resolution. The classification accuracy of HTCNet on different scale data sets CIFAR-10 and ImageNet-1K reached 95.4% and 82.6%, respectively. Experimental results show that HTCNet performs better than other Transformer models and convolutional neural networks of the same scale.

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    Reconstruction Algorithm of Synthetic Aperture Interferometer Radiometer Based on Improved Transformer
    CHENG Weihao, YANG Xiaocheng, WU Lin, YAN Jingye, JIANG Mingfeng, WEI Bo
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (8): 94-100.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.08.013
    Abstract244)   HTML9)    PDF(pc) (1739KB)(72)       Save

    In SAIR(Synthetic Aperture Imaging Radiometer), reconstructing the observed image from the measured visibility data is an ill-posed inverse problem. Aiming at the problems of large residual errors and oscillatory artifacts existing in the current image reconstruction methods, this study proposes a SAIR reconstruction method based on the improved Transformer. Shallow features are extracted from the visibility function through the preprocessing module, and then the deep features of the visibility function are extracted by the deep feature extraction module, and the result is obtained by the SAIR image reconstruction module. Compared with the traditional Transformer structure, the proposed improved Transformer method adopts the U-Net structure, which makes full use of the multi-scale information of the visibility function for image reconstruction. At the same time, the self-attention mechanism is applied to the features from the channel dimension, reducing information loss. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the traditional regularization methods and deep learning methods in terms of reconstruction quality and noise suppression, providing an effective solution for SAIR image reconstruction.

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    Mechanical Parameter Identification of Permanent MagnetServo System Based on Sliding Mode Observer
    WANG Jian, LU Wenqi, CHEN Weijie, WANG Weikang, DONG Xiaoyan, FANG Diyong
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (10): 62-72.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.10.008
    Abstract236)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (4041KB)(25)       Save

    In view of the problems that the traditional sliding mode observer can not meet the high response and high precision positioning requirements of robots and computer numerical control machine tools, a method of load moment identification based on sliding mode observer is proposed in this study. In addition to the improvement of the filter, the adaptive control of feedback gain is added to enhance the anti-disturbance ability and identification accuracy. To solve the problem of inaccurate identification of load moment when inertia is unknown, an algorithm of moment of inertia identification based on self-correcting error of moment of inertia is proposed, and the identified moment of inertia is fed back to the sliding mode observer to reduce the error of load moment identification. Experimental tests are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experimental results show that when the inertia set value is the same as the actual value, the load moment identification accuracy is less than 0.33%, and the response time is less than 0.45 s. When the set value of inertia is different from the actual value, the identification accuracy of the moment of inertia is 0.35%, and the response time is within 0.80 s. After the identified moment of inertia is fed back to the load moment sliding mode observer, the load moment identification error is reduced from 8.33% to 0.25%.

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    Lightweight Detection of Natural Environment Clustered Pepper Based on Improved YOLOv5
    LI Rui, ZHANG Fugui, WU Xuemei, YUAN Kui, ZHENG Le, LI Xin
    Electronic Science and Technology    2026, 39 (3): 8-15.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2026.03.002
    Abstract232)   HTML15)    PDF(pc) (2238KB)(149)       Save

    In view of the problems of large model size, high parameter count, and difficult deployment on computational resource-constrained mobile devices in capsicum annuum var.conoides detection, this study proposes a lightweight capsicum annuum var. conoides detection model based on YOLOv5s(You Only Look Once version 5s). The feature extraction network is reconstructed using the Ghost module and Ghost BottleNeck structure from GhostNet to reduce model parameters and computational complexity. In the feature fusion stage, the GSConv(Ghost-Shuffle Convolution) lightweight convolution and VoV-GSCSP(VoVNet-Ghost Shuffle-Cross Stage Partial) structure are used to replace the original convolution and CSP(Cross Stage Partial) module, respectively, achieving optimal model lightweighting while ensuring accuracy. An angle penalty metric SIoU(SCYLLA-Intersaction over Union) loss is adopted to optimize the bounding box loss function, enhancing the accuracy and generalization ability of the lightweighted model. Experimental results show that the improved YOLOv5s-GGS(YOLOv5s-GhostNet GSConv SIoU) model achieves improvements of 7.0 percentage points, 3.5 percentage points, and 3.8 percentage points in precision, recall, and mAP(mean Average Precision), respectively, compared to the original network model. The number of parameters, computational complexity, and model weight are reduced by over 42%. Compared with mainstream object detection models, the proposed model exhibits higher detection accuracy, smaller model size, significant precision improvement, faster inference speed, and better suitability for deployment on mobile devices.

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    A Random Mask and Adaptive Feature Distillation Algorithm
    FENG Jian, WU Peng
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (10): 1-9.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.10.001
    Abstract231)   HTML14)    PDF(pc) (2910KB)(83)       Save

    In view of the problems that the feature connection between teacher and student relies on manual design in existing feature distillation methods, and it is difficult to determine the distillation strength between features, which leads to the students' model learning useless information, a MAFD(Random Mask and Adaptive Feature Distillation) is proposed in this study.This algorithm adaptively determines the distillation strength between teacher-student candidate feature layers by introducing a self-attention mechanism.In the stage of student feature generation, the random pixel mask strategy is introduced to make the teacher model guide student feature generation, so as to improve the representativeness of the remaining pixels and enhance the representation ability of the student network.The experimental results show that the knowledge distillation network improves the performance of the student model relative to the baseline by 2.0~6.2 percentage points on the CIFAR100 and ImageNet data sets. The improvement of CUB-200, indoor, Actions and Dogs is 27.27 percentage points, 14.75 percentage points, 25.55 percentage points and 12.55 percentage points, respectively,when compared with the baseline.The improved performance of the RetinaNet model on the COCO-2017 data set is verified, showing that MAFD can better reduce the loss of knowledge transfer between the teacher model and the student model.

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    Improved YOLOv5s Algorithm for Small Target Surface Defect Detection on Steel
    MAO Haojie, GONG Yongwang
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (10): 10-18.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.10.002
    Abstract227)   HTML17)    PDF(pc) (2271KB)(57)       Save

    Aiming at the difficulty of feature extraction, lack of precision, error detection and missing detection of small and medium targets in steel surface defect detection, a small target detection algorithm based on improved YOLOv5s(You Only Look Once version5s)model is proposed. The focus on small target features is enhanced by introducing SE(Squeeze-and -Excitation) attention mechanisms into the backbone network. DSConv(Dynamic Snake Convolution) is used to replace some C3 modules in the backbone network, which effectively improves the ability of weak feature extraction. By using NWD (Normalized Wasserstein Distance) optimized EIoU(Efficient Intersection over Union) loss function, the sensitivity to position deviation of small targets is reduced, and the detection performance of small targets is improved. The decoupling head is introduced to optimize the model head, which solves the conflict between classification and regression tasks, reduces the occurrence of false detection and missing detection, and improves the classification and positioning accuracy of small targets. Experiments on NEU-DET(Northeastern University Detection) data set verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The mAP (mean Average Precision) of the proposed algorithm is 80.4%, which is 5% higher than that of the original algorithm, and the detection speed is maintained at 61.72 frame·s-1. The results show that the improved algorithm is superior to other comparison algorithms in detecting speed and precision, which proves its superiority in detecting small target steel surface defects efficiently.

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    IRS-MU-OAM-OFDMA Downlink Resource Optimization under QoS Constraints
    LAN Shicai, DOU Haie, WANG Lei, YAO Jiming, XIA Zhijie
    Electronic Science and Technology    2026, 39 (2): 1-8.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2026.02.001
    Abstract222)   HTML30)    PDF(pc) (1375KB)(180)       Save

    In view of the problem that traditional OAM(Orbital Angular Momentum) communication systems struggle to operate normally in non-line-of-sight environments where line-of-sight channels are blocked, and fail to effectively guarantee the QoS(Quality of Service) requirements of multiple users, this study proposes a downlink resource optimization method for terahertz multiuser OAM orthogonal frequency division multiple access systems based on intelligent reflecting surface assistance technology. The IRS technology converts the non-line-of-sight channels of multiple users into equivalent line-of-sight channels. In this scenario, a two-layer iterative resource allocation algorithm is used to decompose the solution of the non-convex joint optimization problem into external and internal optimization processes. Four core subproblems are solved one by one based on the alternating optimization and convex optimization theories to maximize the system capacity while ensuring differentiated QoS for each user. Simulation results show that the proposed method achieves a 100% QoS requirement guarantee rate for each user when communication resources are sufficient. When the number of reflecting units is 768, the system capacity of the proposed method is on average 19.1% higher than that of the traditional OAM system, with a lower bit error rate. When the number of users is 3 and the signal-to-noise ratio is 20 dB, the bit error rate of the proposed system is 40.5% lower than that of the phase compensation-based MU(Multiuser)-OAM system.

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    Fuzzy PID Decoupling Control for Improved Particle Swarm Compression Refrigeration System
    WU Dong, DING Xudong, SUN Hao, MA Haoxiang, YANG Yuanxing
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (7): 7-14.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.07.002
    Abstract220)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (1232KB)(37)       Save

    In view of the complex conditions of high coupling, nonlinearity and external interference in the actual operation of compressive refrigeration system, this study proposes a fuzzy PID(Proportional Integration Differentiation) decoupling control strategy based on particle swarm optimization algorithm. The coupling effect between the evaporation temperature and superheat of the compression refrigeration system is eliminated by the series pre-feedback decoupler, and the dual-input and dual-output system is decoupled into two single-input single-output systems. The inertia weights are dynamically nonlinearly descended, and the control parameters of the fuzzy PID controller are optimized by the improved particle swarm algorithm, and the simulation experiments are carried out by MATLAB. The simulation results show that the overshoot of superheat and evaporation temperature is reduced by 30.6% and 42.7%, respectively, and the adjustment time is shortened by 225 s and 275 s after the fuzzy PID controller is optimized by the series decoupling controller and the improved PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) algorithm. The above results show that the proposed method effectively suppresses the oscillation of the system, and the dynamic performance of the system is significantly improved.

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    A Privacy Protection Scheme for Federated Learning Based on RSA Homomorphic Encryption
    GUAN Guilin, CAI Huimin, ZHI Ting, CAO Yang, DING Hongxin, HUANG Jiang, DAI Yang
    Electronic Science and Technology    2026, 39 (2): 96-104.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2026.02.012
    Abstract217)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (1656KB)(62)       Save

    In view of the problems of the current federated learning security aggregation schemes, such as gradient information leakage, large computational overhead of the participants, and lack of integrity protection for the model, this study proposes a federated learning privacy protection scheme based on RSA(Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) homomorphic encryption. The problem of gradient data leakage is solved by constructing an efficient and secure RSA homomorphic encryption algorithm, and the decryption calculation is implemented through the central server to reduce the computational overhead of the participants. Based on the immutability and evidence preservation protection features of blockchain, the key data during the data training process is stored on the chain for evidence preservation, achieving the full life cycle maintenance of model data. Through security analysis, it can be known that the proposed scheme has the ability to resist collusion attacks and the indistinguishability of ciphertexts. Through the analysis and comparison in terms of performance and efficiency, it can be known that the proposed scheme has certain advantages over the traditional scheme.

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    A Non-Iterative Routing CapsNet Based on Agglomerator Feature Extraction
    NI Tingxuan, SONG Yan
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (8): 27-32.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.08.004
    Abstract213)   HTML9)    PDF(pc) (1516KB)(53)       Save

    In view of the problem of low interpretability of the feature extractor of capsule network, a new feature extractor combining DenseCap(Dense Capsule) and Agglomerator is proposed in this study. By combining the densely connected low-level and high-level features with the local global features of Agglomerator, the adjacent two layers of features correspond to the local and the whole, which improves the interpretability. The parallel connection of DenseCap and Agglomerator makes the model structure more compact and reduces trainable parameters. Dense connection of absolute position coding with Agglomerator preserves the advantages of absolute value coding and relative position coding when calculating relative attention, and maintains translational isotropy. The experimental results show that compared with the Capsule Network and the original Agglomerator, the Agg-CapsNet (Agglomerator Capsule Network) has better accuracy in terms of CIFAR10, MNIST, Fashion MNIST and SmallNorb. In translation experiments of position coding, Agg-CapsNet is proved to have translational isotropy by visualization.

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    Optimization of Capacity Allocation of Integrated Energy System Considering User Satisfaction and Thermal Inertia
    LI Shunyu, YE Yongchun, HE Yu, ZHANG Jing
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (8): 33-41.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.08.005
    Abstract212)   HTML4)    PDF(pc) (2398KB)(49)       Save

    As an emerging research direction in the field of energy, integrated energy system plays an important role in promoting the utilization of renewable energy and coping with environmental challenges. Demand response, as its core component, aims to improve the efficiency of renewable energy use and system sustainability. Different levels of user participation limit the potential of demand response, so user satisfaction should be considered in the evaluation of demand response plan. In this study, a two-stage capacity optimization configuration method of integrated energy system considering user satisfaction and thermal inertia is proposed to carry out long-term scale planning. In the first stage, the equipment capacity configuration is determined by minimizing the annual assembly cost, and the load coordination and complementarity problem in the system is solved. In the second stage, the system heat and user satisfaction model are introduced to change the indoor heating, adjust the equipment output and load curve, and realize the dual optimization of economic and environmental objectives. The research results show that the proposed method optimizes the integrated energy system scheduling, effectively alleviates environmental problems and improves the absorption capacity of renewable energy.

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    Calculation Method of TT&C Communication Link Based on Probability Statistics Model
    PANG Yuefeng, MA Zhanshun, SHAN Jing, LI Ke
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (7): 1-6.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.07.001
    Abstract206)   HTML7)    PDF(pc) (941KB)(44)       Save

    In view of the low confidence of the current measurement and control communication link calculation method, this study analyzes the traditional analysis method of measurement and control communication link, and puts forward a calculation method of measurement and control communication link based on probability statistical model. According to the characteristic parameters of triangular, uniform and Gaussian distribution and probability density function, the forward and reverse tolerances of measurement and control communication links are calculated, and the calculated values under different confidence degrees are obtained. The calculation process is illustrated by taking the estimation of the operating distance of the measurement and control equipment and the calculation of the EIRP(Effective Isotropic Radiated Power)of the synchronous orbit satellite as examples. The calculation error of EIRP is reduced from 14.8% to 1.47%, and the estimation error of action distance is reduced from 12.35% to 1.84%, which proves that the link calculation method can effectively improve the accuracy of link prediction.

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    Design of Switched-Capacitor Circuits Based on on-Board Voice Chip
    YU Xin, ZHANG Xuanxiong, LI Wenhong
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (7): 50-57.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.07.007
    Abstract204)   HTML4)    PDF(pc) (2091KB)(71)       Save

    In order to cope with the problem of high power consumption of Sigma-Delta AD(Sigma-Delta Analog-to-Digital Converter), a switched capacitor integrator suitable for low-power and high-precision speech recognition chip is proposed. A new modeling idea is proposed in the MATLAB system modeling, and the non-ideal factor coefficients are redefined according to the parasitic parameters of the MOS(Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) tube, so that the model is closer to the actual circuit. The Sigma-Delta modulator model uses a 3-order single-bit feedforward modulator with an oversampling rate of 128 times. By simulating the Sigma Delta modulator model, the integrator coefficients of all levels can be obtained, which provides guidance for the design of MOS transistor circuit with Cadence software. In the MATLAB system modeling simulation, the simulation results show that the effective bit number of Sigma-Delta modulator can reach 16.95 bits, and the signal-to-noise ratio can reach 103.8 dB. In the process of 0.18 μm, the first-stage integrator circuit of the Sigma-Delta modulator is designed, and the operational amplifier in the first-stage switched-capacitor integrator is simulated and verified. Simulation results show that the DC gain can reach 104 dB, the gain bandwidth product is 72 MHz, the phase margin is 85°, and the DC quiescent power consumption is 915 μW.

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    Research on Low Voltage Ridethrough Control Strategy for VSG-SST Output Stage under Temporary Voltage Drop
    ZHAO Zhenmin, CHENG Jing, WANG Chang, TAN Jinlong, NAN Dongliang, LIU Huanqing
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (10): 89-95.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.10.011
    Abstract204)   HTML3)    PDF(pc) (1601KB)(26)       Save

    VSG-SST (Virtual Synchronous Generator-Solid State Transformer) has high and low voltage AC and DC ports, which can effectively improve the voltage/frequency regulation ability of power grid and improve the access adaptability of distributed power supply. However, the voltage dip of the low-voltage distribution network is easy to cause the grid connection current of the output stage of VSG-SST to exceed the limit and asymmetry, and it is difficult to provide reactive power support during the fault process, and it does not have the ability of low voltage crossing. To solve these problems, this study proposes an improved VSG control strategy. The problems of traditional low voltage crossing control and VSG control are analyzed, and VSG current balance control mode is designed to eliminate the negative sequence component caused by the voltage asymmetry. A low voltage crossing control mode suitable for VSG is designed based on the low voltage crossing mathematical model. By calculating the active/reactive current and the power reference value, the output signal is consistent with the tracking quantity, and the switch between the two control modes is realized. Simulation results show that the proposed control strategy can ensure SST to complete the crossing under different voltage drops.

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    MPTCP Congestion Control for High-Speed Railway Networks Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning
    XIE Zhouyang, WANG Chengqun
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (11): 1-7.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.11.001
    Abstract202)   HTML16)    PDF(pc) (1429KB)(90)       Save

    The MPTCP(Multipath Transmission Control Protocol) ensures the reliability of communication services in high-speed railway networks, yet the frequent handovers and wireless losses within these networks negatively impact MPTCP performance.To solve these problems,a HSR-MPCC (High Speed Railway Multipath Congestion Control) based on deep reinforcement learning is proposed. The HSR-MPCC algorithm adds the window factor into the traditional multipath congestion control algorithm, and can intelligently adjust the window factor value according to different network states,thereby adjusting the congestion window when the congestion window calculated by the traditional multipath congestion control algorithm is larger or smaller. On this basis, deep reinforcement learning technology is used to calculate the optimal addition and subtraction window factor in real time, so that the client transmission rate matches the highly dynamic high-speed chain bandwidth. The experimental results show that HSR-MPCC can improve the performance of traditional multi-path congestion control algorithms such as Uncoupled, LIA(Linked Increase Algorithm) and OLIA(Opportunistic Linked Increases Algorithm). The improved multipath congestion algorithm can be better adapted to the dynamic high-speed railway network.

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    Image Classification Algorithm Based on Hierarchical Feature Fusion Transformer
    DUAN Shixi, WANG Bo
    Electronic Science and Technology    2026, 39 (2): 72-78.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2026.02.009
    Abstract198)   HTML16)    PDF(pc) (1325KB)(124)       Save

    In view of the problem that the traditional ViT(Vision Transformer) model is difficult to complete multi-level image classification, this study proposes a HICViT(Hierarchical Feature Fusion Vision Transformer) for image classification based on ViT. The input data is processed through the ViT extraction module to generate multiple feature maps at different levels, and each feature map contains abstract feature representations at different levels. According to the hierarchical labels, the features extracted by ViT are mapped into features at different levels, and a HIC method is used to fuse the features at different levels, thereby improving the classification performance of the model. The proposed model is compared and analyzed with a variety of advanced deep learning models on three datasets, namely CIFRA-10, CIFRA-100, and CUB-200-2011. On the CIFRA-10 dataset, the classification accuracies of the proposed method at the first level, the second level, and the third level are 99.70%, 98.80%, and 97.80%, respectively. On the CIFRA-100 dataset, the classification accuracies of the proposed method at the first level, the second level, and the third level are 95.23%, 93.54%, and 90.12%, respectively. On the CUB-200-2011 dataset, the classification accuracies of the proposed method at the first level and the second level are 98.09% and 93.66%, respectively. The results indicate that the classification accuracy of the proposed model outperforms that of other comparative models.

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    Unsupervised Device Abnormal Sound Detection Based on Feature Fusion and Flow-Based Model
    WANG Yawei, ZHANG Qiaoling
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (11): 87-95.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.11.011
    Abstract196)   HTML7)    PDF(pc) (1922KB)(31)       Save

    Flow-based models can learn complex data distributions and achieve accurate likelihood estimation, presenting promising prospects in unsupervised ASD(Anomaly Sound Detection). In view of the problem that the existing abnormal sound detection methods based on flow models only extract a single feature of the sound signal and cannot make full use of the effective information of the signal, this study proposes an unsupervised abnormal sound detection method based on feature fusion and flow models. Compared with traditional methods, in addition to using the log-Mel spectrogram features, the proposed method also fuses the time-domain spectrogram features extracted by the one-dimensional convolutional neural network TgramNet to achieve the complementarity of the information of the two. The NICE(Nonlinear Independent Components Estimation) model based on flow is adopted to learn the data distribution of the fused features, and finally the negative log-likelihood is used as the anomaly score to evaluate whether the target sound is abnormal or not. The abnormal sound detection data set provided by DCASE2020 TASK 2 is used in the experiment to evaluate the performance of the model. The results show that the AUC(Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve) and pAUC(partial AUC) of the proposed method reach 85.09% and 75.27%,respectively, which are significantly improved when compared with a variety of unsupervised methods.

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    A Two-Stage Sequential Semi-Supervised Learning Framework Based on Contrast Learning
    PENG Hongxin, LUO Shuyun, LUO Zhiyi
    Electronic Science and Technology    2026, 39 (2): 9-18.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2026.02.002
    Abstract192)   HTML17)    PDF(pc) (2098KB)(96)       Save

    In view of the problem of scarce labeled data in some scenarios of time series classification, this study proposes a two-stage time series semi-supervised learning framework based on pseudo-labels. In the first stage, contrastive learning is used for training to construct a base classification model and label the unlabeled data. In the second stage, appropriate pseudo-labeling techniques are employed to retrain the model, so as to make full use of the close association between labeled data and unlabeled data to improve the model performance. Experiments are conducted on multiple public time series classification datasets to verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework, and an in-depth discussion is carried out on the applicable conditions of different pseudo-label training methods in the second stage. The experimental results show that when the proportion of labeled data is only 1% and 5%, the proposed learning framework can increase the average accuracy by approximately 5.1% and 3.5% respectively on two base models and multiple datasets. This fully demonstrates that the proposed method can effectively solve the problem of semi-supervised time series classification.

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    Construction of an Intelligent Algorithm-Based Experimental Teaching System for Ultrafast Photonics
    DU Yueqing, YUN Ling
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (9): 101-106.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.09.013
    Abstract190)   HTML2)    PDF(pc) (1574KB)(20)       Save

    Experimental teaching plays an irreplaceable role in cultivating students' practical skills and innovative thinking in higher engineering education. In response to the characteristics of the optoelectronic information science and engineering program—namely, its strong theoretical and technical demands, high requirements for experimental practice, and rapid knowledge updates—this study designs and constructs a multimodal experimental teaching system for ultrafast photonics driven by intelligent algorithms. Centered around a fiber laser platform with automatic mode-locking capability, the system adopts a four-layer closed-loop architecture of “intelligent control-data acquisition-experimental execution-student interaction.” It integrates key modules such as polarization control, algorithm optimization, and pulse characterization to form a functionally coordinated and dynamically controllable teaching framework. By introducing an adaptive genetic algorithm to dynamically adjust the intracavity polarization state, the system achieves rapid initiation and stable maintenance of mode-locking, significantly enhancing experimental efficiency and system intelligence. The curriculum emphasizes the integration of fundamental photonics theory with artificial intelligence methodologies, aiming to improve students' interdisciplinary understanding, engineering practice skills, and independent innovation capabilities. This teaching system demonstrates strong adaptability and potential for broader application, offering a practical model and robust support for the intelligent transformation and systematic reform of experimental teaching under the “New Engineering” education initiative.

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    Lightweight Human Pose Estimation Algorithm Based on High Resolution Network
    ZHAO Kai, HU Chunyan, LI Feifei
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (9): 93-100.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.09.012
    Abstract188)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (1084KB)(15)       Save

    In view of the problems of large number of parameters, high complexity and difficulty in deploying human pose estimation networks to mobile devices and embedded platforms, this study proposes a multi-scale lightweight human pose estimation network based on high-resolution networks, which combines attention mechanism and improved feature fusion method. In this model, lightweight ShuffleNetV2 basic module is used to construct the network, and multi-scale feature extraction is carried out. The bidirectional feature pyramid fusion module is used to replace the original feature fusion method and optimize the information interaction. The global context attention module is integrated into the basic module, and the global spatial information is aggregated into the channel to further improve the feature extraction capability of the network. The test results on COCO and MPII data sets show that the proposed model outperforms other mainstream lightweight networks in terms of performance, parameter count and computational complexity. The proposed algorithm achieves the same accuracy as large deep human pose estimation networks while keeping the number of parameters and computational complexity small.

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    Design and Verification of Safety Warning System for Cold Crucible Glass Curing High Level Liquid Waste
    ZHANG Anqi, WANG Zexue, MING Yuzhou, LONG Haoqi, LIN Rushan
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (9): 26-32.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.09.004
    Abstract187)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (2290KB)(11)       Save

    The glass solidification technology of cold crucible high-level radioactive waste can solidify high-level radioactive waste and isolate the biosphere. The characteristic of this technology is that the glass cold shell generated on the inner wall of the crucible during equipment operation can prevent corrosion. If the glass cold shell protection is lost, it is easy to reduce the service life of the cold crucible and the leakage of high level glass liquid. Due to the lack of detection means in high temperature, high radioactivity, strong magnetic and closed environment, it is difficult to measure and control the thickness of glass shell. To solve this problem, a cold crucible safety early warning system is proposed, which includes a glass shell state prediction module and a glass shell state alarm module. The glass shell state prediction module is based on the simulation experimental data of the temperature field of the cold crucible, and iteratively trains the neural network using the operating state of the cold crucible and the glass shell state as learning samples. The glass shell state alarm module uses fuzzy evaluation to quantitatively evaluate the predicted glass shell state and issue warnings, avoiding the occurrence of melting events of cold crucible glass shells. The results of twenty groups of simulation experiments are compared with the prediction results of the cold crucible glass shell early warning system. The results show that the qualified rate of the early warning system reaches 100%, which verifies the reliability of the early warning system, and provides a feasible scheme for the condition monitoring of the cold glass shell during the operation of the cold crucible project.

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    Research on Parameter Identification of Voltage Ride Through in Cascading Faults for Doubly Fed Induction Generator
    YANG Zhi, ZHANG Jing, HE Yu, YE Yongchun, CAO Guoqiang, SUN Qichen, LI Shunyu, WANG Zhiyang
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (7): 89-96.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.07.012
    Abstract187)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (1428KB)(198)       Save

    With the grid-connected operation of large-scale Doubly Fed Induction Generator(DFIG), the nonlinear, impact and unbalanced characteristics of the operation process are easy to cause the chain failures of DFIG off-grid operation. In view of the existing DFIG parameter identification studies based on a single voltage sudden change for transient analysis and control strategy formulation, a single voltage sudden change study is difficult to characterize the applicability of control parameter identification. In this study, a parameter identification method of doubly-fed fan rotor controller based on IMOLA(Improved Multi-ObjectiveLichtenberg Algorithm) is proposed. The PSASP platform is used to build the electromechanical transient model of doubly-fed wind turbine, and the main control mode during steady-state operation and chain fault voltage crossing is determined. The measured data of voltage, active power and reactive power are input into the identification model, and the control parameters are identified based on IMOLA algorithm. The effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method are verified by simulation data and measured data. The results show that compared with traditional methods, IMOLA identification method can effectively improve the identification accuracy of model control parameters.

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    Online Registration and Parameter Estimation of Point Clouds from Fruit Tree Branches and Trunks
    JIN Cunxian, HE Leiying
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (9): 71-78.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.09.009
    Abstract182)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (2302KB)(16)       Save

    In the process of mechanical vibration harvesting, it is difficult to obtain the three-dimensional shape and parameters of fruit branches online, so the selection of grabbing location and exciting frequency depends on manual experience. To solve this problem, a method based on portable RGB-D(Red-Green-Blue-Depth) camera is proposed to quickly scan fruit tree branches and realize online point cloud registration and 3D(Three-Dimensional) parameter estimation. Multiple sets of color and depth maps of fruit tree branches are collected by depth camera, from which tree branches were separated and point clouds are generated. The feature points in each frame color graph are extracted, the BA(Bundle Adjustment)problem is established and the graph optimization theory is introduced to solve it, and the fruit tree point cloud is registered. The fruit tree skeleton is obtained by two L1-median skeleton contractions to the fruit tree point cloud. Combined with the point cloud and skeleton of fruit trees, the radius of branches is estimated by the method of chord length estimation. The experimental results show that the registration error can be less than 5 mm, which is less than 45 mm without optimization. The absolute error of all calculated branch radius is less than 6 mm, and the relative error is less than 10%. The proposed method can realize 3D reconstruction of fruit tree branches online and provide parameter support for adaptive vibration harvesting.

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    Research on Decoupling Control of Refrigeration System Based on Neural Network Inverse Model
    WANG Junchao, DING Xudong, YANG Yuanxing, LIU Yuting, YANG Yuping
    Electronic Science and Technology    2025, 38 (7): 82-88.   DOI: 10.16180/j.cnki.issn1007-7820.2025.07.011
    Abstract180)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (1126KB)(56)       Save

    In view of the nonlinearity and multi-variable coupling of compression refrigeration system, the inverse system control method of α-order neural network is used to decouple it into two first-order subsystems:superheat and evaporation temperature. On this basis, the linear closed-loop controller PID(Proportional Integration Differentiation) is added to realize the high performance decoupling control of the system. The results show that the proposed method is simple in structure and easy to implement, and effectively avoids the shortcomings of the traditional control method which depends on the accuracy of the system model. The step response time for both superheat and evaporation temperature is reduced by 234 s and 360 s,respectively. The overshoot of the evaporation temperature and superheat under step perturbation is decreased by 9.4% and 13.3%,respectively, demonstrating that the proposed method displays better dynamic performance and stability.

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