融合区域边缘特征的双重自适应图像水印算法

doi:10.19665/j.issn1001-2400.20221107

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

局部图像水印技术是指在图像的部分区域而非完整图像中嵌入水印,可抵抗裁剪类攻击,是目前水印领域的研究热点。当图像被攻击后,现有局部水印技术通过特征点定位的水印嵌入区域可能发生偏移,当区域中包含较多边缘时,由于边缘附近像素值差异明显,定位偏移会导致区域整体像素值发生较大的变化,使得水印提取失败。针对该问题,提出融合区域边缘特征的双重自适应图像水印算法。首先,提出一种嵌入区域的判定方法,利用滑动窗口遍历图像,综合边缘、纹理、灰度、位置等因素,对窗口区域进行评分,选择出含边缘少且隐藏性好的区域作为水印的嵌入区域。其次,提出一种双重自适应嵌入方案。在水印嵌入时,通常需要对图像进行分块,通过修改像素值,在一个图像块中嵌入1位水印信息。第一重粗粒度自适应方案是指通过线性回归分析,建立用于控制水印嵌入强度的参数和图像块边缘像素数量间的函数关系,根据不同图像块的特点自适应调节对应的水印嵌入强度,增强包含边缘图像块嵌入水印的鲁棒性;第二重细粒度自适应方案是指在修改像素时,区分对待图像块中的边缘处像素和非边缘处像素,利用高斯窗自适应地调整边缘附近像素的修改量以达到平滑过渡的效果,利用边缘的掩蔽效应提升水印的不可见性。实验证明,该算法相比于已有自适应图像水印算法有更好的不可见性及更强的鲁棒性。

关键词: 图像水印, 边缘特征, 不可见性, 鲁棒性, 自适应

Abstract:

Local image watermarking is a hotspot technology which embeds watermark in a partial image and can resist cropping attacks.Existing local watermarking technology locates the embedded region by the feature points,which may be offset when attacks occur.Due to the obvious difference of the pixel near edges,if the region contains many edges,the offset will lead to excessive regional pixel error and fail the watermark extraction.To solve this problem,a double adaptive image watermarking algorithm based on regional edge features is proposed.First,a method to determine the embedding region is proposed,which uses a sliding window to choose embedding regions with few edges and good hiding ability by taking image features such as the edge,texture,etc.into account.Second,a double adaptive watermark embedding scheme is proposed,which is divided into blocks,with each block embedding 1-bit watermark information by modifying the pixel value.In the first coarse-grained adaptive scheme,the function between the embedding parameter and the number of edge pixels is established through linear regression analysis,and the embedding strength is adaptively adjusted by the function to enhance the robustness of blocks containing edges.In the second fine-grained adaptive scheme,the gaussian window is used to adaptively adjust the modifications of different pixels to improve the imperceptibility of the watermark.Experiments show that the proposed algorithm can effectively enhance the robustness of the watermark at the edge,and improve its imperceptibility.

Key words: image watermark, edge feature, imperceptibility, robustness, adaptive

中图分类号:

TP309.7

郭娜,黄樱,牛保宁,兰方鹏,牛之贤,郜卓杰. 融合区域边缘特征的双重自适应图像水印算法[J]. 西安电子科技大学学报, 2023, 50(5): 118-131.

GUO Na,HUANG Ying,NIU Baoning,LAN Fangpeng,NIU Zhixian,GAO Zhuojie. Double adaptive image watermarking algorithm based on regional edge features[J]. Journal of Xidian University, 2023, 50(5): 118-131.

图/表 9

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

表1

表2

表3

参考文献 19

[1]	BARANI M J, AYUBI P, VALANDAR M Y, et al. A Blind Video Watermarking Algorithm Robust to Lossy Video Compression Attacks Based on Generalized Newton Complex Map and Contourlet Transform[J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2020, 79(14):2127-2159. doi: 10.1007/s11042-019-08225-5
[2]	SATHYA S, RAMAKRISHNAN S. Non-Redundant Frame Identification and Keyframe Selection in DWT-PCA Domain for Authentication of Video[J]. IET Image Processing, 2020, 14(2):366-375. doi: 10.1049/ipr2.v14.2
[3]	HUA G, XIANG Y, ZHANG L Y. Informed Histogram-Based Watermarking[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 2020, 27(99):236-240. doi: 10.1109/LSP.97
[4]	HOU C, LI C. An Image Watermarking Scheme Robust to Geometric Distortion Based on SIFT Feature[C]//2020 IEEE 14th International Conference on Anti-counterfeiting,Security,and Identification (ASID).Piscataway:IEEE, 2020:139-143.
[5]	AGARWAL H, HUSAIN F. Development of Payload Capacity Enhanced Robust Video Watermarking Scheme Based on Symmetry of Circle Using Lifting Wavelet Transform and SURF[J]. Journal of Information Security and Applications, 2021, 59:102846. doi: 10.1016/j.jisa.2021.102846
[6]	NASIR I, KHTLIFI F, JIANG J, et al. Robust Image Watermarking via Geometrically Invariant Feature Points and Image Normalization[J]. IET Image Processing, 2012, 6(4):354-363. doi: 10.1049/iet-ipr.2010.0421
[7]	FANG H, ZHANG W, ZHOU H, et al. Screen-Shooting Resilient Watermarking[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2019, 14(6):1403-1418. doi: 10.1109/TIFS.2018.2878541
[8]	VAN-SCHYNDEL R G, TIRKEL A Z, OSBORNE C F. A Digital Watermark[C]//Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Image Processing. Piscataway:IEEE, 1994:86-90.
[9]	BENDER W, GRUHL D, MORIMOTO N, et al. Techniques for Data Hiding[J]. IBM Systems Journal, 1996, 35(3.4):313-336. doi: 10.1147/sj.353.0313
[10]	HUANG Y, NIU B N, GUAN H, et al. Enhancing Image Watermarking with Adaptive Embedding Parameter and PSNR Guarantee[J]. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 2019, 21(10):2447-2460. doi: 10.1109/TMM.6046
[11]	HUYNH-THE T, HUA C H, TU N A, et al. Selective Bit Embedding Scheme for Robust Blind Color Image Watermarking[J]. Information Sciences, 2018, 426:1-18. doi: 10.1016/j.ins.2017.10.016
[12]	LV Z, HUANG Y, GUAN H, et al. Adaptive Video Watermarking against Scaling Attacks Based on Quantization Index Modulation[J]. Electronics, 2021, 10(14):1655. doi: 10.3390/electronics10141655
[13]	PARAH S A, SHEIKH J A, LOAN N A, et al. Robust and Blind Watermarking Technique in DCT Domain Using Inter-Block Coefficient Differencing[J]. Digital Signal Processing, 2016, 53:11-24. doi: 10.1016/j.dsp.2016.02.005
[14]	LOAN N A, HURRAH N N, PARAH S A, et al. Secure and Robust Digital Image Watermarking Using Coefficient Differencing and Chaotic Encryption[J]. IEEE Access, 2018, 6:19875-19897.
[15]	SADEGHI M, TOOSI R, AKHAEE M A. Blind Gain Invariant Image Watermarking using Random Projection Approach[J]. Signal Processing, 2019, 163:213-224. doi: 10.1016/j.sigpro.2019.05.026
[16]	黄樱, 牛保宁, 关虎, 等. 基于图像纹理的自适应水印算法[J]. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2019, 45(12):2403-2414.
	HUANG Ying, NIU Baoning, GUAN Hu, et al. Image Texture Based Adaptive Watermarking Algorithm[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019, 45(12):2403-2414.
[17]	SHEN Y, TANG C, XU M, et al. A DWT-SVD Based Adaptive Color Multi-Watermarking Scheme for Copyright Protection Using AMEF and PSO-GWO[J]. Expert Systems with Applications, 2021, 168:114414. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2020.114414
[18]	陈梦莹, 王展青. 基于FRFT及HVS的自适应数字水印算法[J]. 计算机应用研究, 2017, 34(7):2180-2183.
	CHEN Mengying, WANG Zhanqing. Adaptive Digital Watermarking Algorithm Based on FRFT and HVS[J]. Application Research of Computers, 2017, 34(7):2180-2183.
[19]	YADAV N, SINGH K. Robust Image-Adaptive Watermarking Using An Adjustable Dynamic Strength Factor[J]. Signal Image and Video Processing, 2015, 9(7):1531-1542. doi: 10.1007/s11760-013-0607-2

攻击类型	参数设置	BER/%
攻击类型	参数设置	SSR	AVAS	DQAQT	文中
高斯噪声	0.001	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
	0.010	0.05	0.00	0.43	0.00
	0.030	0.11	1.48	2.52	0.32
椒盐噪声	0.001	0.01	0.00	0.13	0.00
	0.010	0.61	0.02	2.18	0.00
	0.030	2.56	0.34	4.95	0.06
中值滤波	3×3	1.20	0.00	0.57	0.00
	5×5	4.45	2.48	1.31	0.01
	7×7	8.73	5.27	3.67	1.03
均值滤波	3×3	1.02	0.00	0.48	0.00
	5×5	5.12	1.27	1.18	1.32
	7×7	11.68	10.48	7.87	7.31
JPEG压缩	20	10.52	6.21	9.17	3.10
	50	0.64	0.00	0.12	0.00
	90	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

攻击类型	参数设置	BER/%
攻击类型	参数设置	SSR	AVAS	DQAQT	文中
剪切	1/16	0.46			0.00
	1/8	2.52			0.00
	1/4	5.78			0.00
放缩	0.7		0.00	0.35	0.00
	1.3		0.00	0.02	0.00
	2.0		0.00	0.06	0.00
缩放	0.6		0.00	1.11	0.76
	1.4		0.00	0.02	0.00
	2.5		0.00	0.12	0.00
改变纵横比	1.2×1.5		0.00	0.09	0.00
	2.0×1.0		0.00	0.21	0.00
	0.8×1.4		0.00	0.55	0.00
遮挡	1/16	0.39	0.91	0.78	0.00
	1/8	2.16	12.43	9.84	0.42
	1/4	5.60	34.57	28.77	1.02

攻击类型	参数设置	召回率/%
攻击类型	参数设置	SSR	文中
高斯噪声	0.03	100	100
椒盐噪声	0.03	96	96
中值滤波	3×3	100	100
均值滤波	3×3	100	99
JPEG压缩	20%	84	100
剪切	1/4	95	100
放缩	0.7		100
	2.0		100
缩放	0.6		100
	1.4		100
改变纵横比	1.2×1.5		100
	0.8×1.4		100
遮挡	1/4	95	99